Assignment 1: Input and Output

Introduction & General Remarks

Although you will implement a fully functional operating system over the course of this semester, you won't have to start completely from scratch – you are provided a very basic skeleton including the boot up code required for the x64 architecture and some helper classes (e.g. for the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface).

Note

The Intel Architecture has constantly evolved over the past 40 years and, therefore, has quite an amount of inherited burdens: It is a cumbersome task to heave the CPU from Real Mode (16-bit, used in the 1980s) to the modern Long Mode (64-bit), which is the base for our journey. From a higher level perspective this surely is an interesting ride through the history (and we will explain it in a voluntary seminar), but its (low level) implementation is just dull copying of the Intel Software Developer's Manual (ISDM), e.g. 8.4 Multiple-processor (MO) Initialization – and therefore you are spared this task.
This will allow you to concentrate on the more interesting and challenging parts of operating system development. (Nevertheless, we strongly encourage you to take a look into those parts and the Intel manual!)

You can find the description of the development environment here.

This website houses both assignments and documentation, in fact, they are quite closely linked: In the class documentation, methods to be implemented or extended are visually marked with a yellow border and contain further details in their descriptions.

The described class interfaces (and the file structures) are usually required for subsequent assignments, so please try to stick to the specification. However, it is totally fine to add helper attributes/methods/functions (or even classes).

We provide an example solution for each assignment (and variant), usually with a customized example application demonstrating the functionality of the assignments objectives. It can be executed on the test hardware (in the corresponding Netboot menu).

Voluntary Exercises

In case you don't feel challenged enough by the regular assignments: We will frequently supply you with ideas for voluntary enhancements. These are easily recognizable by blue borders.

Note

We will not evaluate the voluntary exercises, so please ensure that the actual assignment works prior to starting with those parts. Also, we will obviously try to help you on serious problems with those additional exercises, however, the level of difficulty is intentionally higher and we expect good skills in independent task solving!

Coding Style

Similar to Google C++ Style Guide but with following exceptions:

• No license boilerplate
• Tabs instead of Spaces

Use the lint target (employing cpplint) to check the compliance of your code:

make lint

Naming Convention

• Variables: lowercase with underscore

  char* variable_name;

• Constants (and enum values): uppercase with underscore

  const int CONST_VALUE = 42;

• Type Names (class/struct/namespace/enum): Capital letter, camel case

  class SomeClassName;

• Methods/Functions (C++): start with lowercase letter, then camel case

  void someFunctionName();

• extern "C" Functions: lowercase with underscore (like variables).

  void interrupt_handler(int vector);

• File Names: lowercase, main type name, underscores only if is a sub type

  folder/classname.cc
  

I/O Support for StuBS

Implement output (on the CGA Text Mode) and input (via Keyboard). Optionally, you can support the serial interface as well. The Class Overview will help you understand the structure of StuBS.

Learning Objectives

• Getting to know the development environment
• Refreshing the knowledge of the programming language C++
• Hardware programming (CGA text mode and keyboard)

Output on CGA Text Mode

When it comes to basic debugging in StuBS, output functions are quite essential. For simplicity, TextStream provides the same basic interface as the C++ I/O streams library. It is implemented with the help of the classes OutputStream (which itself is based on Stringbuffer) and TextWindow (based on TextMode, which makes use of the already implemented IOPort).

Map of important classes for the first assignment

In case you have successfully solved the (voluntary) assignment 0, you should be able to use your solution of the OutputStream without any modifications.

TextMode is the central abstraction for the text mode, managing the output of characters on the screen and controlling the text cursor position. The derived class TextWindow can be configured via the constructor in such a way that it displays the output on an adjustable rectangular section of the screen. This allows you to divide the screen and have separate TextWindow instances responsible for the output in those individual subareas (so called windows). Furthermore, you can configure whether each corresponding window should use the hardware cursor or not.

To make sure that the output functions can be used everywhere in the operating system, several global TextStream objects should be created:

• The main window kout for application output using the hardware cursor.
• For debugging output, StuBS uses an array of debug window objects for each CPU core (called dout with Core::MAX elements), providing a separate debug window for each core.

The file debug/output.h defines the macro DBG, which employs dout and should be used for debug output: This macro will select the dout object for the corresponding core it is executed on (using Core::getID()).

All instances of the class TextStream should output their output in disjunctive areas of the screen to avoid overlapping output. Instead of statically defining those areas, you can implement an automatic arrangement of the windows as a voluntary extension.

Demonstrate the functionality of the output with the following code:

kout << "Test          <stream result> -> <expected>" << endl;
kout << "bool:         " << true << " -> true" << endl;
kout << "zero:         " << 0 << " -> 0" << endl;
kout << "binary:       " << bin << 42 << dec << " -> 0b101010" << endl;
kout << "octal:        " << oct << 42 << dec << " -> 052" << endl;
kout << "hex:          " << hex << 42 << dec << " -> 0x2a" << endl;
kout << "uint64_t max: " << ~((uint64_t)0) << " -> 18446744073709551615" << endl;
kout << "int64_t max:  " << ~(1ll<<63) << " -> 9223372036854775807" << endl;
kout << "int64_t min:  " << (1ll<<63) << " -> -9223372036854775808" << endl;
kout << "some int64_t: " << (-1234567890123456789) << " -> -1234567890123456789" << endl;
kout << "some int64_t: " << (1234567890123456789) << " -> 1234567890123456789" << endl;
kout << "pointer:      " << reinterpret_cast<void*>(1994473406541717165ull)
                         << " -> 0x1badcafefee1dead" << endl;
kout << "smiley:       " << static_cast<char>(1) << endl;

Implementation Notes

You can divide this task into three independent parts that can be solved and tested very well individually. We therefore recommend to implement the necessary classes in the following order:

1. Stringbuffer and OutputStream (and a small test application)
2. TextMode and TextWindow (and a small test application)
3. TextStream, the debug macros and the test program

Note

In later tasks, application and test code will be implemented in the Application class instead of main(). It is up to you to already handle it that way in this assignment.

Further Reading

• Overview of files and classes
• List of mandatory and voluntary tasks
• Output in Text Mode
• The I/O subsystem

Input using Keyboard

In addition to text output, input via keyboard should also be supported (whereby the test of input is not possible without output). For this purpose you should complete the PS2Controller by using the KeyDecoder (which evaluates Make & Break codes in order to decode pressed keys).

Your test application should repeatedly query pressed keys from the keyboard and print their ASCII values using kout.

It is sufficient to run the test application on the first core (aka BSP, boot processor) – the other cores (aka APs, application processors) should only do output using the debug macro to verify their functionality.

Note

If multiple cores perform concurrent output via kout, you will end up in an alphabetical jumble. Try to locate the root cause of this issue (you will be able to fix it in subsequent assignments).

Further Reading

• Details about the PC keyboard

Input & Output using Serial Console (Voluntary)

As an additional task (if you got hooked right away), you can extend your StuBS with a serial interface. A SerialStream further enables output in a VT100-compatible terminal. This is useful when debugging your code on real hardware.

Note

Qemu will redirect the COM1 port to an unused pseudoterminal device and notify you about its path during startup:

char device redirected to /dev/pts/2 (label serial0)

You can easily access it using screen /dev/pts/2 or even cat /dev/pts/2 (if you are just interested in the output).

Further Reading

• Serial interface at OSDev.org and Lowlevel.eu
• ANSI/VT100 Terminal Control Escape Sequences